pelajaran 15 - tentang-ginjal-pada-reptil

T-REC semarang-TUGUMUDA REPTILES COMMUNITY SEMARANG—KOMUNITAS REPTIL SEMARANG

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pelajaran 15 - tentang-ginjal-pada-reptil


pelajaran 15 - tentang ginjal pada reptil


sumber berbahasa asing, dengan link :

http://www.angelfire.com/al/repticare3/page9.html

FUNGSI GINJAL PADA REPTIL

-          Dalam rangka untuk lebih memahami fungsi ginjal reptil pertama-tama kita harus memahami fungsi ginjal mamalia . Mamalia yang ureotelic , yang berarti bahwa mereka menghasilkan urea sebagai produk akhir metabolisme protein . Proses ini menggunakan air untuk membentuk urea , yang diekskresikan dalam urin mamalia

-          Semua reptil , terutama yang berasal dari daerah airid dan kering di mana konservasi air dalam tubuh sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup, tidak ada gunanya untuk sistem mamalia menggunakan air dalam proses metabolisme protein . Bergantian , reptil menghasilkan asam urat  /  uric acid  sebagai produk akhir dari protein , nonprotien nitrogen dan metabolisme purin / purine metabolism. . Ini berarti bahwa di tempat urin , asam urat dibuang sebagai materi bubuk  putih kering atau bubur yang diekskresikan dalam urin cair. Seluruh proses ini membutuhkan sedikit air dan memungkinkan reptil untuk menghemat air sebanyak mungkin.

-          Metode yang paling umum untuk menentukan fungsi ginjal yang tepat dalam mamalia untuk mengukur  tingkat Urea Nitrogen Darah /  Blood Urea Nitrogen  ( BUN ) dan kreatinin /  Creatinine  ( Crea ) . Hal ini tidak mungkin pada reptil karena fakta bahwa reptil tidak menghasilkan urea dan tidak menghasilkan kreatinin dalam jumlah banyak . Hal ini membuat tes darah  sangat tidak efektif dalam hal mengevaluasi ginjal reptil .

-          Reptil karnivora , misalnya, akan memiliki  plasma asam urat lebih tinggi setelah makan terakhir. Sebagai aturan umum tingkat plasma asam urat akan selalu lebih tinggi pada reptil karnivora daripada reptil herbivora .Secara umum tingkat  plasma asam urat plasma lebih dari 15 mg / dl harus dipertimbangkan tinggi dan menunjukkan bahwa diagnosa lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk memastikan fungsi yang tepat dari ginjal reptil .

-          Masih banyak penelitian yang diperlukan untuk sepenuhnya memahami ginjal reptil, tapi asam urat tinggi dan Kalsium terbalik untuk rasio fosfor kurang dari 1:1 adalah  indikator terbaik dari fungsi ginjal pada reptil.

http://www.angelfire.com/al/repticare3/page9.html

teks asli :

EVALUATING KIDNEY FUNCTION IN REPTILES

by

Edward M. Craft

There are several differences between mammals and reptiles, but none are as drastic as those of the kidney. In order to better understand the function of the reptile kidney we must first understand the function of the mammalian kidney. Mammals are ureotelic, which means that they produce urea as the end product of protein metabolism. This process utilizes water to form urea, which is excreted in the urine of mammals.
All reptiles, particularly those from airid and dry regions where water conservation within the body is essential to survival, have no use for the mammalian system of using water in the process of protein metabolism. Alternately, reptiles produce uric acid as the end product of protein, nonprotien nitrogen and purine metabolism. This means that in place of urine, the uric acid is discharged as a dry powdery or pasty white matter that is excreted in place of liquid urine. This entire process requires little water and allows the reptile to conserve as much water as possible.



The most common methods for determining proper kidney function in mammals are to measure the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine (CREA) levels. This is not possible in reptiles due to the fact that reptiles do not produce urea and do not produce creatinine in any notable amount. This makes these blood tests very ineffective in terms of evaluating the reptilian kidney.



Since BUN and CREA levels are ineffective tests in evaluation of the reptile kidney and since the most significant end product of metabolism in reptiles is Uric Acid it would stand to reason that plasma uric acid levels would be a better indicator of kidney function in reptiles, but despite this fact, plasma uric acid levels are NOT a specific test for renal disease in reptiles, but is the better of the three tests. The reason for this is that many factors can influence the amount of uric acid that is present in blood plasma. Carnivorous reptiles, for instance, will have a higher plasma uric acid following a recent meal. As a general rule plasma uric acid levels will always be higher in carnivorous reptiles than in herbivorous reptiles. Actual normal values can vary depending on the reference ranges of the referring lab. This is a problem since most veterinarians use a referring lab that deals mostly with mammals; few labs deal strictly with reptiles. In general a plasma uric acid level of over 15 mg/dl should be considered elevated and indicate that further diagnostics are required to ensure proper function of the reptile kidney.

There is still much research required to fully understand the reptile kidney, but an elevated uric acid and an inverted Calcium to Phosphorous ratio of less than 1:1 are currently the best indicators of renal function in reptiles. If these tests prove elevated or inverted than follow up diagnostics of radiographs, ultrasound, CT, MRI and radioisotope scans should be considered. The only problem with these follow up tests is the owners financial ability to have the tests performed and a hospital or institutions willingness to perform these tests on a reptile.

http://www.angelfire.com/al/repticare3/page9.html